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The Young Turks (Turkish Jön Türkler (plural), from French Jeunes Turcs, Arabic: تركيا الفتاة) was a coalition of various reform groups in favor of reforming the administration of the Ottoman Empire. Their movement brought about the second constitutional era through a Young Turk Revolution against the monarchy of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The movement was initiated among military students in 1889, and extended to other sections. With the official establishment of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) in 1906, most of the Young Turks became members of this party. The Young Turk movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual, political and artistic life of the late Ottoman period (decline, dissolution).